Interview with the Vampire Writer

In 1995, Rolling Stone asked me if I would visit New Orleans to interview Anne Rice for a feature, on the occasion of her latest vampire Lestat book, Memnoch the Devil.

I had just lost somebody in my family when I first read it, and this was a book that seemed to emit loss. It was some time later that I understood just how much so: Rice had written the book in part as a testament to her daughter, Michele, who died in August 1972 of granulocytic leukemia (Rice had a dream before the diagnosis that her daughter would die of a blood aliment). Interview featured a young girl who became a woman without aging or dying, until she met a terrible end.

The book’s consumption of blood was also a metaphor for alcoholism; her mother was an alcoholic. Rice later said: “I think she swallowed her tongue [from drinking]. My mother’s drinking marked me out in my own eyes—the fact that it was a huge secret, and I couldn’t tell anyone, and you never knew how she’d be when you got home.” I knew both of these forms of affliction—family loss and alcoholism—and maybe there was something in Rice’s storytelling that caused me to respond instinctively to Interview with the Vampire.

The vampire series, of course, would go on to become something less personal and more fantasist, as well as more intellectually vigorous, which is what occasioned my visit to New Orleans. We sat in her kitchen, nearby the witching tree, and all her homes were as worthy of her themes as were her books. She invited me to stay at a house that she maintained just for visitors. “It has ghosts,” she told me. I wandered around there at 3 a.m., looking for spirits, but nothing and nobody reached to me. Maybe they were leery of some of the ghosts I carried with me.

This version of the 1995 interview has not been previously published. When other sources reprinted that story I tried to gather their interest in this longer draft but with no success. So for better or worse, it’s now yours.

For over forty-five years, Anne Rice told stories that shared secrets — secrets of life and death, of sex and the soul, of monsters and humans. In particular, though, it has been with her series of novels known as the Vampire Chronicles that Rice has created her most binding mix of mystery and meaning, as well as what may prove her most enduring body of literature.  

Interview with the Vampire (1976) — the first of the Vampire Chronicles, and her first published novel — is a horror narrative unlike any other. It is the story of Louis de Ponte du Lac: an 18th Century-born New Orleans plantation owner who has lost faith with his life and his God. Seeking death one night, Louis instead finds a vampire, and a cruel paradox: this broken man who wanted to die must now endure lifetimes of no meaning, and he must murder daily to do so.  

Interview is also the story of the smart and mean aristocrat who made Louis a vampire, the French-born Lestat de Lioncourt, and the child immortal, Claudia, who unites Louis and Lestat in a bitter kinship, and who eventually separates them at an awful price. Mostly, though, Interview with the Vampire is a haunting meditation on loss, mortality and the uncertain purposes of faith. By the book’s end, Rice’s vampires have come to understand a terrible but emboldening truth: there is no God, no ultimate meaning to life’s anguish. The vampires are finally left alone, wandering through the turbulence of time and history, killing others so that they themselves might evade the oblivion of death.

With Memnoch the Devil— the fifth volume of the Vampire Chronicles — the fates of the vampires change, radically and irrevocably. Told in the voice of Rice’s most cherished character, the vampire Lestat, Memnoch tells a tale as old as scripture’s legends and as modern as today’s religious strife. In Memnoch, Lestat comes face to face with his most feared supernatural counterpart, the Devil, and hears the Devil’s dreadful yet fascinating secret: it is God who has made human history so murderous, and it is God from whom the world must be saved.

The house is crammed full with the stuff of Rice’s obsessive imagination: with showcases of invaluable, 19th Century French porcelain Bru dolls (utterly spooky with their humanlike eyes), walls of books on ancient mythology and religious theory, rooms of religious statuary and even the odd skeleton or two, outfitted in century-old bridal or ballroom gowns, and sporting flowing blond wigs. (“But they aren’t real skeletons,” says Rice, as she gives me a tour of the upstairs. “I couldn’t live with a real one.”)

In addition to her Garden District house, Rice has also recently purchased — and is remodeling — St. Elizabeth’s Home, a massive 1860s Catholic school and orphanage for girls. Like the 1st Street house, St. Elizabeth’s is filled with Rice’s passions — several rooms of rare dolls, some of them life-sized versions of her vampires and other characters, plus hallways of saint and demon statues, many from old European homes and churches.  

St. Elizabeth’s most remarkable prize, though, is a resplendent white, full-scale chapel, replete with two walls of floor-to-ceiling stained glass windows and brass-plate renditions of the Twelve Stations of the Cross. At present, Rice has no plans to reside at St. Elizabeth’s. Instead, she has given various of the house’s tower quarters to her sisters and to Stan’s sister Nancy Diamond (who is also Rice’s personal assistant). Rice also plans to make the building available for various public events, including her annual Halloween season Gathering of the Coven, for her many fans.

As we talk, Rice and I sit in a glassed-in side porch of the 1st Street house, overlooking a large, lush lawn, not far from the site where the fictional demon Lasher lies fictionally buried, under a vast and ancient oak tree. Rice is dressed in a white, high-collared billowy blouse with frilly cuffs, and a long black skirt, and wears her trademark owl glasses. In conversation, she comes off as direct, plain-spoken and, at age 53, intellectually passionate.

These days, she says, when she isn’t sequestered in her upstairs office writing, she is busy researching matters related to religious history and mythology — the same subject matter that preoccupied her in Memnoch the Devil, and that, she claims, will be at the thematic core of her next few books.

A gale wind blows dark clouds across the sky as we speak. Later that night, those clouds will bear a terrible downpour — at the time, the worst flash flood in Louisiana’s modern history. Rice is so adept at turning her surroundings into textural backgrounds for her stories, I wouldn’t be surprised to see this deluge crop up in an upcoming tale. After all, it proves to be the sort of flood that washes up bodies and secrets, and that leaves you believing there are forces beyond your control that can reach out from the night and pull you straight down into inescapable currents of fear and death.

I got that same sort of reaction over and over again, from people I would consider my rank and file readers. And I thought: “I’m really glad. Whatever I set out to do this time, I did it. It got realized. This thing I thought I couldn’t write, I wrote.” So, thank God, it’s done. And I’m ready to take whatever comes of it.

But you’re right, this book was just as instinctively written as Interview with the Vampire, and there’s been no book in between that’s been that instinctively written. With all the others there was more thought, more doubt, more hesitation — some more so than others. Now, I’ve come full circle. I write now like I did when I wrote Interview — all night long. Interview with the Vampire was written in five weeks; this was written in about four weeks, and it was the same sort of experience: just surrendering to the process. And I found myself asking the same kinds of questions. I kept saying: “How dare you write these things!”

Q: Where did your interest in writing a novel about the argument between God and the Devil come from?

A: I had a teacher in Comparative Literature, at San Francisco State, back in the 1960s. I remember him once saying, in a class in Goethe, “What would God and the Devil have to talk about if it weren’t for men?” I never forgot that, and I think I have always been going at that idea in one form or another in my writing, though behind masks, you could say. I mean, when I wrote The Vampire Lestat, and I talked about ancient Egypt, I was going at it in a less direct way.

Now, I’m going right into my own heritage. I’m spending hours and hours reading every translation of the Bible that I can find, as well as other religious histories and texts, and I’m fascinated by it all. It’s an obsession, a passion. I see things now about my own religion and my own religious upbringing that I never could have seen in my thirties. I certainly couldn’t have seen them in this way when I wrote Interview with the Vampire or The Vampire Lestat.

Q: What are some of those things you now understand about your religious upbringing?

A: I would say that my sisters and I were raised in an obsessively Catholic family, here in New Orleans. My mother was fervent; we went to mass and communion every day. She would come in every morning and wake me up and say, “Look, the blessed sacrament is on the altar two blocks away. Get out of bed.” And we totally believed the whole thing.

We went to Catholic school, where the nuns were very authoritarian, like they had the unlimited authority of God behind everything they did. I remember my first confession, six years old, standing there in dread of forgetting a mortal sin and then going to hell, you know. I remember being afraid of hell. I lived in that intensely Catholic, New Orleans world, all the way up until the time I was eighteen. In fact, when I was thirteen I wanted to be a saint, and I read the lives of the saints. I yearned to be a mystic, and I went through a long period of wanting to be a nun. And then, at eighteen, I had a crisis of belief and simply could not accept that it was the one true church, established by Christ to give grace.

Q: What prompted that crisis?

I couldn’t read that stuff — it fell under the index of forbidden books. So, more than anything else, I think my crisis of faith was simply a product of that curiosity, this tremendous feeling that this place in which I’d grown up couldn’t be other than insignificant. I mean, two-thirds of the world didn’t believe these things that my family’s church had believed. How could it be the true church? I was just burning to know what else was out there — what other people thought, what they felt.

I simply had believed it all. I believed it to a heartbreaking degree and yet suspected that it was all a lie, because I never actually had what I would call a mystical moment of connection with God. But it wasn’t just that I could no longer believe that the Catholic church was the one true church: I also didn’t like the Catholic church. I didn’t like a church that would send a woman to hell for kissing someone, along with a Nazi exterminator. I revolted against it morally. I found it repulsive. I was outraged. It was kind of like what Lestat or Memnoch might say to God: “You’re going to have to play by better rules.”

Q: So how would you describe your view of religion now?

Things are not getting simpler to me. They’re getting more and more complicated, and the questions are multiplying. I was more sure there was no God when I was younger. I still suspect there isn’t, that there isn’t anything. That’s my suspicion: that there is nothing. But I’m just not so sure anymore. It’s all I want to talk about, all I want to think about, all I want to deal with — and I see this book and the next one as a new path for me.

I remember having an argument with my sister a long time ago, during those thirty years I was living in the San Francisco Bay Area. I said: “People don’t pay any attention to religion; it has lost all force.” And she said: “Aw, no no no. You don’t know what you’re talking about.”

Well, since I’ve moved back here to the South, to New Orleans, I’ve come to agree with her. The vast majority of Americans are very tied up with religion and religious belief, and in fact, the sophisticated atheist is part of a real minority. I could never have predicted ten years ago that there would be a debate now over abortion. I mean, ten years ago, didn’t we think that debate was settled, that it was a right that had been won? And now we have people who are willing to commit murder over their belief that abortion is mass murder. I now see us all as being obsessed with religious questions more than I did before.

A: Actually, I think that at the end Lestat really hasn’t been given any more direct sign from heaven than anybody is ever given. Maybe that’s part of what I’m trying to say. That it can’t make sense. You just can’t have a God that cares that little. You can’t. It’s not possible. Either he doesn’t know or he’s stupid or he’s a bad person. And if it is all true, then it certainly is a horror novel. That’s part of what I’m trying to say. But I don’t necessarily believe Memnoch’s argument against God either. And I think that’s the answer: I don’t think you ever have a clear sign from heaven.

A: I tried to make it a non-vampire book. I tried to write it with immortal men, to take immortal men through the same experiences, and it simply could not get going. And I finally gave it back to Lestat. It’s almost like he laughed and said: “You know, you need me to go there.” And of course he was right: his going there did make quite a bit of difference. But I’m afraid my relationship with him is over. He left me when I finished reading the page proofs for this book. That same night, I put a message on my answering machine — I have a listed number for people to call — and I said: “Lestat is gone. He left me as he was standing in front of a Mercedes Benz dealership on St. Charles Avenue, in New Orleans. This is a very strange feeling, but it’s happened.”

It was like, after all the things we’d gone through together — I’d survived Tom Cruise, I’d survived the movie, even though Memnoch was written before the film was released — I’d gotten through all of that and still he left me. It was like he was saying: “This is it — we’ve done it. You’ve done it. We’ve said what we have to say with each other. If you go on now, you’ve got go on in another way.”

Q: So this is the last volume of the Vampire Chronicles, then?

Q: What will you do next?

Q: You’ve written vampire and witch chronicles, a mummy yarn, and now you’re undertaking an epic ghost series. In the course of writing these stories, you’ve become known as one of the preeminent authors of supernatural literature. What is it about that story form that has attracted you so?

A: I think all my writing has been part of a battle with my fears. When I write I explore my worst fears, and then take my protagonist right into awful situations that I myself am terrified by. And I think that the act of putting all that fear and terror and confusion into an orderly, plotted story has been very therapeutic for me. It definitely helps me to continue through life.

And so, even though my books are supposed to be bloody and horrible, there is a shrinking from this. Or at least there’s a terrible moral dilemma there. I mean, I have to write about pain obviously — the pain that other people have suffered, and pain I’d be afraid to suffer myself. I feel very driven to do it, and it clearly helps me. I only hope that it’s in such a framework that it does not simply add to the horror of someone else.

Q: You mention your obsession with death. It has seemed that in some ways your best work has been a rage against death. Vampires achieving immortality and spirits seizing human life amount to a fantasized overcoming of death, and all its sheer horrors and unfairness.

A: I think that since moving back here to New Orleans I’ve begun to find some way I can accept the fact that we’re going to die. But it is true that for a long time, I found it just horrifying. I found it horrifying, not so much because my life will be extinguished, but because of the possibility that the Holocaust might mean nothing. Or the suffering of my daughter might mean nothing. [Anne Rice and her husband Stan’s daughter, Michelle, died in 1972 of a rare adult form of leukemia, a few weeks before her sixth birthday. Anne Rice has since said that, in part, Interview with the Vampire — and particularly its haunting vampire child character, Claudia — was an unconscious way of expressing grief over her daughter’s death.]

That’s the part that bothers me: the meaninglessness of it. The utter meaninglessness of it. And I’m still fascinated by the way people convince themselves that things have to have meaning. Every time you turn on a TV you see a reporter talking to the parent of a retarded child, or somebody who’s been hit by a ton of bricks, and they say: “There has to be a meaning for this.” And I’m always thinking, “No. There really doesn’t have to be any at all.”

Despite that I now think atheism might be a bit naive and cocky, I still believe there is possibly no meaning to anything. There’s nothing that can’t be swept off the face of the earth. Nothing. I remember going through that time when life was just unendurable. It lasted about three months. I was literally quivering. I would grab people and say: “Do you believe that there’s a God? Do you believe we’re all here for nothing?” I put it in The Vampire Lestat. I had Lestat do it, but actually it was me.

Q: Did you find that time provides a means of healing?

Well, it must, but I have a suspicion of that. I truly believe it’s ruthless to be healed. You know what I mean?

Just a week or so ago, I was sitting up in my office. It was about 1:10 a.m., and I’d been thinking for a while about getting up and writing something on my wall. I write all over my office walls, in felt pen. I was going to get up and write: “Someday I will die, and it will all be over.” But before I could do that, the lights went out. There was a power shortage in the neighborhood. And when the lights go out here, it really is as black as it is in the country. You literally can see nothing. So I got up from my desk and woke my sister, because I knew she would have a lighter so that I could light a candle.

The lights were out for about twenty minutes, and it was beautiful. I remember walking through the house with my poor little sister, who was half asleep. We came downstairs and I thought: “This is like it used to be. This is what this house was like in 1857. It was this dark. This is a rare moment.” I remember feeling absolutely euphoric, thinking how much I loved to walk through this house in the dark, and how great it was not to be afraid anymore.

At 1:30 the lights came back on and I went upstairs. And then something occurred to me. I went and checked a memorial clipping on my bulletin board, and I realized it had been a year earlier to the day and hour that my best friend, John Preston [a social critic and author of gay pornography] had died.

What lingered from that whole experience, more than anything else, was the euphoria. When I walked around in the dark, I didn’t feel absolute horror that John Preston had died at forty-five years of age, at the height of his talent, of AIDS, in a coma. I didn’t feel a trembling horror. I felt a euphoria — an ability to tolerate everything at that moment. That was a great feeling, and so I’m calling that ruthless. Somehow, in spite of all the cruelty and absurdity of life, I was not afraid that night. I will die some day, and I will share that with everyone else. But I felt a fearlessness in those minutes, rather than the panic that used to clutch at me for years, in the face of darkness and death.

That’s the whole purpose, I think, of what people call fantasy writing. You can put the most horrible things into a frame, and you can go into that frame safely and talk about those things. You can go into the world of Louis and Lestat and Claudia, and be able to talk about grief or loss or survival, and then come back safely. That, to me, is the reason for all the artifice — the obvious high style of my books and their use of the supernatural. I would find it much harder to write a realistic novel about my life. I would find it too raw. I just wouldn’t be able to get the doors open, I wouldn’t be able to go deep enough.

Q: Obviously, though, for many readers you have gone deep enough. Your books are not only terrifically popular, but they have also attracted the kind of fervent following more commonly associated with that of pop stars.

A: I did not expect books as eccentric as mine to have that kind of appeal or that kind of commercial momentum. I knew enough about publishing just to know what that meant, and I was astonished. I remember thinking that a book like Interview with the Vampire was just flat out too weird. I thought, at best, it would become some sort of underground best seller. I had no idea that it would have the great commercial life it’s had as well.

But I’ve always had good luck, or good breaks, compared to many authors. And in the last few years the audience has spread out in an enormous way. If I lack any reader, if there’s any audience I’ve failed to reach in America, it’s the elite, literary audience. If there’s been a failure to communicate, it’s at the top — at the so-called “top.”

Q: Well, judging from some of the reviews you’ve received over the years from literary quarters, that may well be true. What do you think accounts for much of the critical disdain that your work has received?

A: The subject matter. Scorn for the idea that anyone would write seriously about vampires. And then a secondary thing sets in once you become Number One — that if you are the Number One bestseller you must be an illiterate idiot. Those are two prejudices that I fight.

I also think there’s a cynical tendency in modern literary values to dismiss books that take on huge questions or issues, because nobody with any true sophistication could possibly do that. It’s a sort of byproduct of the post-World War II aesthetic of existential nihilism that says you cannot have heroes and heroines in novels. There are those who say that the great art of today is about nothing at all — that to be about something is pretentious and old-fashioned and limited. And my writing is filled with a kind of naive, dead-seriousness about why are we here? How do we lead a good life? How do we keep believing fervently in love and how do we make our lives not only good, but heroic?

In a way I’ve been blessed in that I can ask those questions, that they seem completely relevant to me, that I have not been strangled by irony and nihilism. And I’m blessed that I have the vision I have — a belief that one sensible person can study the world and learn something of God through the world.

Q: Has that critical dismissal been hard for you?

A: Oh yeah. In the very early days, definitely. People would practically come up to me and say: “I know you’ve written this calculated, pot-boiler bestseller about a vampire. Well, it’s not something I want to read.” I wanted terribly to be taken seriously. I wanted to say: “Look, this is not about what you think. Give this a chance!”

The truth is, that is not the only story we have to tell. That is not even what our world is about. Our world is in fact filled with abnormal people and outrageous people and cataclysmic events and extremely romantic stories and acts of incredible heroism, and yet for some reason the upper middle class literary writers have decided that that’s not worthy subject matter for their books. And they’re dogmatic and nasty about it. The writers I have known who were novelists who wrote what they considered to be “better” fiction are incredibly smug. The sense of superiority they have to a person like me is limitless. There was a time when life itself forced me into contact with those people. But nowadays I live down here in New Orleans, I see my readers and I don’t pay too much attention to any of that stuff. But I’m aware that it’s there.

Q: Obviously, you’re a writer who doesn’t hedge your feelings. A couple of years ago, that outspokenness landed you in a public controversy when you protested Neil Jordan’s casting of Tom Cruise for the film version of Interview with the Vampire. Some bad words flew back and forth between you and the filmmakers, but when the film was completed, you ended up being its most enthusiastic supporter. Looking back on all that now, do you ever regret any of the things you said? Do you feel that possibly you were a bit too hasty in your criticisms?

A: My frank feeling is that it turned out so well that I can’t think too much about doing anything differently. That’s not to say that everything I did was wise or kind or constructive, or that everything they did was wise or kind or constructive. I think they were very, very unkind to me and my readers in many respects — the people associated with the making of that movie — and they were very unwise. But it turned out so well that I simply don’t look at it in those terms.

I’m not sure, if I had been on the team, whether anybody would have paid any attention to anything I had to say. Whereas when I wasn’t on the team — when I was public enemy number one — there was a lot of attention paid to the things I said. I don’t think people should be rewarded for saying angry and negative things, but in some ways I don’t see how the movie could have turned out better. I think it’s an absolutely unique film, and I’m very happy with it. I spend almost no time at all regretting anything that happened, and I don’t want to hold any grudges either.

I would say I came out of the experience feeling rather alienated from certain people, and probably always will be. You know, all public statements are not created equal, and certain public statements that were made by certain people about me were so particularly vicious that I would probably not seek to break bread with those people, or be in the same room. But in general I came away greatly admiring Tom Cruise and David Geffen, and feeling that it was David’s tremendous power and courage that got the movie made, and that Tom Cruise was fabulous. I was literally in tears by the end of the film. They had got everything that was important to get. I admit, if I had been making the movie I would have done certain things differently. I would have turned on more light, for one thing. I found it a very difficult movie to see, physically. But no, I don’t regret anything.

Q: One of the most common criticisms I heard of you during that whole time, from both journalists and people in the film business, was that it was unseemly of you, as the story’s author, to be critical of the filmmakers’ choices. That, once you had sold the film rights, you should have taken the money and stayed graciously quiet.

A: Frankly, I don’t respect authors for keeping quiet about the rotten movies based on their books. Anybody who would think that because I sold the book to the movies means I didn’t have anything to say about what happened or couldn’t feel anything, well, that’s silly. I felt very passionately what I felt about Tom Cruise both times: what I felt about the casting and what I felt about what he accomplished. I will say this: the whole battle became so nasty and became so distorted that I would never again try to engage in any kind of dialogue in the press like that. I felt that was a total failure.

For example, in an interview I might mention fifteen things that I really liked about Tom Cruise, and then at the end why I didn’t think he could play Lestat. And the article would leave out everything but the last thing. It was a lesson to me that you can’t really carry on a serious dialogue about something in the press; not simply by passively giving interviews.

Q: Do you remember at which moment the film won you over?

A: When I saw Tom Cruise walking past the mosquito netting around the bed and I heard his voice and I saw that he was Lestat. I knew it instantly. He had gotten it. And I do credit him. That actor, for some reason, really made a contact with that character, and he produced a fabulous version of him. He made Lestat his own, without taking my Lestat from me, and I feel tremendous love for Tom as a result.

Now, to what degree I hurt him with my personal comments, or to what degree I spurred him on, that will always be open to debate. I don’t want anyone to be hurt, especially not someone as nice as he is. In fact, I don’t want anyone to be hurt, even if they’re not nice [laughs].

But what I said, I said from my heart and the feeling I got was that he understood. And in my conversations with him, I found him to be just a completely loving person, and I think his take on the books is right on. He knows the character and understands the character perfectly. I’m not so sure about other people involved in the production, you know. I really don’t know Brad Pitt at all. I’m not in any way connected with him. I know the readers loved him. They felt that he captured the guilt in Louis and they were very pleased with him.

Q: I couldn’t help but laugh when I read your statement: “I think we should nickname [Brad Pitt] the ‘Barbie Doll from Hell’ because of the way he behaves towards us Vampire Chronicle people.”

A: Oh, yes, in my newsletter. Oh, I do think he looks like that [laughs], but I meant that lovingly. He’s cute, you know? He is cute. But I have to confess, when he was declared the sexiest man in the world, I nearly fell over dead, because he does look to me like the Barbie Doll from Hell. He looks cute and young and like a kid. He looks like he’s about fourteen. That was a teasing comment.

Q: It is possible, of course, that you may be in for a whole new round of controversy when Memnoch the Devil hits the bookstores. You’ve written a book that questions the validity of God’s ethos, in a time when a powerful segment of American Christianity has become an increasingly intolerant, even violent, political force. Plus, the book has a couple of rather inflaming scenes — particularly the moment when the vampire Lestat meets Jesus Christ on the road to his crucifixion.

A: It was inflaming to me. I didn’t find it an easy thing to do, and yet it had the wonderful feeling of something absolutely inevitable, and something that should happen. I was confronting there the Christ in whom I had believed totally as a young girl, when I used to sit in church on Good Friday and imagine his wounds. I was really standing there with that Christ at that moment, and it was an excruciatingly difficult thing to write.

Yes, sometimes I’m afraid for this book. The public is very hard to inflame and very hard to wake up, but when they do notice or take offense at something, they can turn their fury with considerable bad effect, and I’m a bit afraid they may do that with this book. I never felt that way before. At the same time, I don’t really think it’s true. I think we’d be lucky if people notice that there’s a book slated to be a best seller that actually cares about God and the Devil.

This book is so much about God, it’s so much about compassion, it’s so anti-violence and so anti-blood sacrifice that, to me, it’s a wonderful book. I’m very proud of it. I don’t really think it’s going to draw to itself a lot of opposition, but I could be completely wrong. I’m certainly ready to defend it. I’m ready to stand there and talk about what I think is good in it and to defend it against people who would criticize it, and defend the importance of us being able to talk about God and the Devil in our work. I mean, we’re living in the most amazing times. Amazing and horrible. It’s a very exciting time to be a writer.